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Vision in Natural and Virtual Environments |
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@Article{,
author = {Mary M. Hayhoe and Dana H. Ballard and Jochen J. Triesch, Hiroyuki Shinoda and Pilar Aivar and Brain T. Sullivan},
title = {Vision in Natural and Virtual Environments},
journal = {Eye Tracking Reasearch and Applications Symposium},
year = {2002},
abstract = {Our knowledge of the way that the visual system
operates in everyday behavior has, until recently, been
very limited. This information is critical not only for
understanding visual function, but also for
understanding the consequences of various kinds of
visual impairment, and for the development of interfaces
between human and artificial systems. The development
of eye trackers that can be mounted on the head now
allows monitoring of gaze without restricting the
observer's movements. Observations of natural behavior
have demonstrated the highly task-specific and directed
nature of fixation patterns, and reveal considerable
regularity between observers. Eye, head, and hand
coordination also reveals much greater flexibility and
task-specificity than previously supposed. Experimental
examination of the issues raised by observations of
natural behavior requires the development of complex
virtual environments that can be manipulated by the
experimenter at critical points during task performance.
Experiments where we monitored gaze in a simulated
driving environment demonstrate that visibility of task
relevant information depends critically on active search
initiated by the observer according to an internally
generated schedule, and this schedule depends on learnt
regularities in the environment. In another virtual
environment where observers copied toy models we
showed that regularities in the spatial structure are used
by observers to control eye movement targeting. Other
experiments in a virtual environment with haptic
feedback show that even simple visual properties like
size are not continuously available or processed
automatically by the visual system, but are dynamically
acquired and discarded according to the momentary task
demands. }
}